11Why can a liquid column remain between the measurement surfaces?12Why do microvolume measurements often use a short path length?13What does normalization to a 1 cm path length mean?14Why does path-length error directly affect concentration?15How should a stated path-length control specification be interpreted?16Why might different concentrations need different path lengths?17How can consistency between multiple short path lengths be verified?18What is a broken liquid column?19Which samples are more prone to liquid-column problems?20Why do bubbles affect results?

What is a broken liquid column?

The sample no longer continuously bridges the upper and lower measurement surfaces, so the actual optical path differs from the assumed path length and may cause substantial error.